Exploring Migration and Disaster Nexus
Role of migration in triggering disasters
Keywords:
East Rapti, Migration, Nepal, Water-induced Disasters
Abstract
The nexus between migration and disaster has commonly been referred to in previous researches. In particular, previous studies often describe migration as a coping strategy for climate and water-induced disasters (WID). Yet, limited studies have explored the role of migration in triggering disaster and intensifying the risk and exposure of communities to such events. Considering this research gap, this study aims to assess the linkage between internal and external migration and disaster events. Employing qualitative research methods and taking the Extended East Rapti River Watershed located in Chitwan and Makwanpur districts of Nepal as a case, this study indicates that unmanaged internal migration in the study area has increased the prospects of WID and its risk in the region. These instances were mainly due to over-exploitation of resources and change in land-use practices in the Chure region and Tarai. Likewise, haphazard growth of urban and semi-urban areas, expansion of settlements in hazardous areas, and an increase in built-up areas in the watershed have further contributed to an increase in incidences of WID as well as the risk, exposure, and vulnerability of the residents to such events. The research also reveals that poor governance to manage the process of migration and urbanization is largely responsible for this phenomenon than the migrants alone. Finally, this article suggests not undermining the role of different types of migration and their governance while studying the migration-disaster nexus.
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15. Gaillard, J.-C., Liamzon, C., & Maceda, E. (2005), ‘Act of Nature or Act of Man? Tracking the Root Causes of Increasing Disasters in the Philippines’, Philippine Geographical Journal 49: 46–65.
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17. Gartaula, H. N., & Niehof, A. (2013), ‘Migration to and from the Terai: shifting movements and motives’, The South Asianist 2(2): 28-50.
18. Gautam, Y. (2017), ‘Seasonal migration and livelihood resilience in the face of climate change in Nepal’, Mountain Research and Development 37(4): 436-445.
19. Ghimire, M. (2017), ‘Historical land covers change in the Chure-Tarai landscape in the last six decades: Drivers and environmental consequences’, in A. Li, W. Deng, & W. Zhao (eds.), Land Cover Change and Its Eco-Environmental Responses in Nepal. Springer: 109-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2890-8_5
20. Gurung, G. (2018), ‘2015 Earthquake as Driver of Labour Migration’, in Singh D. & Thapa N. (ed.), Initiating Dialogue on Post-Disaster Reconstruction, South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment: 59-72.
21. Gurung, H. B. (1989), Regional patterns of migration in Nepal. East-West Population Institute, East-West Center.
22. Hagen-Zanker, J. (2008), Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature, Maastrcht Graduate School of Governance, Working Paper No. 2008/WP002. Retrieved fromhttps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1105657
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24. Hollema, S., Pahari, K., Regmi, P., & Adhikari, J. (2008), Passage to India: Migration as a coping strategy in times of crisis in Nepal, World Food Programme and Nepal Development Research Institute.
25. Huber, A., Gorostiza, S., Kotsila, P., Beltrán, M. J., & Armiero, M. (2017), ‘Beyond “socially constructed” disasters: Re-politicizing the debate on large dams through a political ecology of risk’, Capitalism Nature Socialism 28(3): 48-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2016.1225222
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28. Jaquet, S., Shrestha, G., Kohler, T., & Schwilch, G. (2016), ‘The effects of migration on livelihoods, land management, and vulnerability to natural disasters in the Harpan watershed in western Nepal’, Mountain Research and Development 36(4): 494-505.
29. Karki, P., & Manandhar, K. D. (2017), ‘Restricted opportunity: the missing point in Nepali migration-discourse’, Journal of Advanced Academic Research 3(2): 150-159.
30. Koirala, S. (2016). Hydropower Induced Displacement in Nepal. PhD thesis. University of Otaga, New Zealand.
31. Lamichhane, B., Pokharel, C., Regmi, U., Ram, A., Bhattarai, S., Panday, S. K, Adhikari, D., Subedi, N., & Dhakal, M. (2018), ‘Rapid recovery of tigers Panthera tigris in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal’, Oryx 52: 16-24.
32. Mallick, B., & Siddiqui, T. (2015), Disaster-induced migration and adaptation discourse in Bangladesh, in Environmental change, adaptation and migration, Palgrave Macmillan: 164-185
33. Massey, D. S., Axinn, W. G., & Ghimire, D. J. (2010), ‘Environmental change and out-migration: Evidence from Nepal’, Population and Environment 32(2-3): 109-136.
34. Mclean, J. (1999), ‘Conservation and the Impact of Relocation on the Tharus of Chitwan, Nepal’, HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies 19(2): 38-44.
35. MoE. (2010), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change Government of Nepal Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Nepal. Kathmandu, Government of Nepal. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/37dNwxg
36. MOHA. (2017), Nepal Disaster Report 2017: The Road to Sendai. Ministry of Home Affairs, Kathmandu, Government of Nepal.
37. Mohapatra, S., Joseph, G., & Ratha, D. (2009), Remittances and natural disasters: ex-post response and contribution to ex-ante preparedness. The World Bank.
38. MOLESS. (2020), Nepal Labor Migration Report 2020. Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security, Kathmandu, Government of Nepal.
39. MoUD. (2017), Ministry of Urban Development Strategy: Vol. Part B. Ministry of Urban Development, Kathmandu, Government of Nepal.
40. Muzzini, E., & Aparicio, G. (2013), Urban growth and spatial transition in Nepal: An initial assessment. The World Bank.
41. Naser, M. M. (2012), ‘Climate change, environmental degradation, and migration: A complex nexus’, Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol’y Rev. 36 (3): 713-768.
42. Noy, I., & Yonson, R. (2018), ‘Economic vulnerability and resilience to natural hazards: A survey of concepts and measurements’, Sustainability 10(8), 2850.
43. Pandey, V. P., Shrestha, D., Adhikari, M., & Shakya, S. (2020), ‘Streamflow Alterations, Attributions, and Implications in Extended East Rapti Watershed, Central-Southern Nepal’, Sustainability 12(9), 3829.
44. Pant, B. (2008), Mobilizing Remittances for Productive Use: A Policy-oriented Approach. Nepal Rastra Bank, Research Department, Kathmandu.
45. Pervin, I. A., Rahman, S. M. M., Nepal, M., Haque, A. K. E., Karim, H., & Dhakal, G. (2020), ‘Adapting to urban flooding: a case of two cities in South Asia’, Water Policy 22(S1): 162-188.
46. Petley, D. N., Hearn, G. J., Hart, A., Rosser, N. J., Dunning, S. A., Oven, K., & Mitchell, W. A. (2007), ‘Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal’, Natural hazards 43(1) 23-44.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9100-3
47. Poertner, E., Junginger, M., & Müller-Böker, U. (2011), ‘Migration in far West Nepal intergenerational linkages between internal and international migration of rural-to-urban migrants’, Critical Asian Studies 43(1):23–47.https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2011.537850
48. Pokharel, J. C. (1985), Large Scale Resource Development Projects and the Problem of Displacement Compensation and Resettlement:With Reference to the Kulekhani Hydroelectric Project in Nepal. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
49. Salike, I., & Pokharel, J. (2017), ‘Impact of Urbanization and Climate Change on Urban Flooding: A case of the Kathmandu Valley’, Journal of Natural Resources and Development, 7: 56–66.https://doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v7i0.07
50. Pradhan, L. C. (2013), Assessment of Water Induced Disasters-Floods and Landslides Affected Districts of Nepal by Ranking From 2007/08 to 2012/13. Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Irrigation, Government of Nepal.
51. Rimal, B., Zhang, L., Stork, N., Sloan, S. & Rijal, S. (2018), ‘Urban Expansion Occurred at the Expense of Agricultural Lands in the Tarai Region of Nepal from 1989 to 2016’, Sustainability. 10. 10.3390/su10051341.
52. Rimal, B., Sloan, S., Keshtkar, H., Sharma, R., Rijal, S. & Shrestha, UB. (2020), ‘Pattern of Historical and Future Urban Expansion in Nepal’, Remote Sensing. 12. 10.3390/rs12040628.
53. Sharma, J. R. (2011), Culture of migration in the Middle Hills in Nepal. ICIMOD, Sustainable Mountain Development, (59):18-20.
54. Shrestha, B. K. (2013), “Squatter Settlements in the Kathmandu Valley: Looking Through the Prism of Land Rights and Tenure Security”, Urban Forum 24. 10.1007/s12132-013-9189-x.
55. Shrestha, N. R., & Conway, D. (1985), ‘Issues in population pressure, land resettlement, and development: The case of Nepal’, Studies in comparative international development 20(1): 55-82.
56. Sijapati, B., Sanu Lama, A., Baniya, J., Rinck, J., Jha, K., Gurung, A., Limbu, B., Shreesh, K., Gurung, M., Suji, M., Ayub, M., Chaudhary, P., Kambang, R., & Kumar Jha, S. (2017), Labour Migration and the Remittance Economy The Socio-Political Impact. Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility.
57. Suwal, B. R. (2014), Internal migration in Nepal. Population Monograph of Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal.
58. Tacoli, C., McGranahan, G., & Satterthwaite, D. (2015), Urbanization, rural-urban migration and urban poverty. Human Settlements Group, International Institute for Environment and Development.
59. Thapa, K. B. (2001), Water-induced disaster in the Himalaya: case study of an extreme weather event in central Nepal. Landslide Hazard Mitigation in the Hindu Kush Himalayas. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.
60. UNDP. (2009), Report on Impact of Settlement Pattern, Land Use Practice and Options in High Risk Areas: Hetauda Municipality. Accessed at https://un.info.np/Net/NeoDocs/View/6473
61. Uprety, L. P. (2008), ‘Population dynamics and environmental degradation in Nepal: An overview’, Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 7:41-64.
62. Walsham, M. (2010), Assessing the Evidence: Environment, Climate Change and Migration in Bangladesh. International Organization for Migration.
63. WWF (2013), Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape: Drivers Of Deforestation And Forest Degradation. WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program.
64. Yogacharya, K. S., & Gautam, D. K. (2008), Floods in Nepal: Genesis, Magnitude, Frequency and Consequences. Paper presented at International Conference on Hydrology and Climate Change in Mountainous Areas, At Kathmandu, Nepal, May 2015, 59–74.
Published
20-Jul-2021
How to Cite
Koirala, S., Shakya, S., Shrestha, G., & Adhikari, M. (2021). Exploring Migration and Disaster Nexus. The South Asianist Journal, 8, 10-40. Retrieved from http://www.southasianist.ed.ac.uk/article/view/5208
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